Abstract The application of natural polysaccharides in controlled drug delivery systems to deliver the bioactive agents has been hampered by the synthetic polymers. The main benefits of the natural polysaccharides are their being non-toxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, abundantly available, and less expensive and most importantly esuriently. Due to the advances in drug delivery technology, natural polysaccharides are included in controlled drug delivery to fulfill multitask functions and in some cases directly or indirectly influence the extent and /or rate of drug release. Some natural polysaccharides have even shown environmental-responsive gelation characteristics in order to achieve controlled drug release according to specific therapeutic needs. This article gives an overview of natural polysaccharides that are used or investigated as versatile excipients in controlled drug delivery systems.
Corresponding Authors: Kavitha Reddy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500085, India.
Tel: +91-40-23058729; Fax: +91-40-23058729
Email: kavitha.jpr@gmail.com
Cite this article:
Kavitha Reddy,
G. Krishna Mohan,
Shobharani Satla etc
.Natural polysaccharides: versatile excipients for controlled drug delivery systems[J] AJPS, 2011,V6(6): 275-286
Shirwaikar A, Shirwailar A, Prabhu SL, et al. Herbal excipients in novel drug delivery systems. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008, 70: 415-422.
[6]
Beneke CE, Viljoen AM, Hamman JH. Polymeric plant derived excipients in drug delivery. Molecules. 2009, 14: 2602-2620.
[7]
Stephen AM, Churms SC. Introduction in: food polysaccharides and their applications. Editor, Stepen, Phillips GO, Williams. Taylor and Francies, CRC Press, New York. 2006, 1-24.
[8]
Koleng JJ, McGinity JW, Wiber WR. Caromer-934P. In: Raymond CR, Paul JS, Paul JW, Edi, Handbook of pharmaceutical excipients. The Pharmaceutical Press and the American Pharmaceutical Association, 2003.
[9]
Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB. Pharmacognosy. Nirali Prakashan, Pune, India, 2006.
[10]
Kottke KM, Edward MR. Tablet dosage forms. In: Banker GS, Rhodes CT, ed. Modern Pharmaceutics. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2002: 287-333.
[11]
Richardson PH, Willmer J, Foster TJ. Dilute solution properties of guar and locust bean gum in sucrose solutions. Food Hydrocolloid. 1998, 12: 339-348.
[12]
Samavathi V, Razavi SH, Rezaei KA, et al. Intrinsic viscosity of locust bean gum and sweeteners in dilute solutions. Ejeafche. 2007, 6: 1879-1889.
[13]
Tomolein J, Taylor JS, Read NW. The effect of mixed faecal bacteria on a selection of various polysaccharides in vitro. Nutr Rep Int. 1989, 39: 121-135.
[14]
Bayliss CE, Houston AP. Degradation of guar gum by faecal bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1986, 39: 121-135.
[15]
Shan N, Mahoney RR, Pellet PL. Effect of guar gum, lignin, pectin on proteolytic enzyme levels in the gastro intestinal tract of the rat a time -based study. J Nutr. 1986, 116: 786-794.
[16]
Englyst HN, Commings JH. Improved method for measurement of dietary fiber as non-starch polys-accharidesin plant foods. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1988, 71: 808-814.
[17]
Kawamura Y. Guar gum. 69th JECFA . 2008, Page 4(4).
[18]
Chu DC, Juneja LR. Chemical and physical properties, safety and application of partially hydrolyzed guar gum as a dietary fibre. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2008, 42: 1-7.
[19]
Sudhakar Y, Kuotsu K, Bandyopadhyay AK. Buccal bioadhesive drug delivery-a option for orally less efficient drugs. J Control Release. 2006, 114: 15-40.
[20]
Sarmento B, Ribeiro A, Veiga F, et al. Alginate/chitosan nanoparticles are effective for oral insulin delivery. Pharm Res. 2007, 24: 2198-2206.
[21]
McChesney JD, Venkataraman SK, Henri JT. Plant natural products: Back to the future orinto extinction?. Phytochemistry. 2007, 68: 2015-2022.
Alonso-Sande M, Teijeiro D, Remunnan-Lopez C, et al. Glucomannan, a promising polysaccharide for biopharmaceutical purposes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2009, 72: 453-462.
[24]
Pandey R, Khuller GK. Polymer based drug delivery systems for mycobacterial infections. Curr Drug Deliv. 2004, 1: 195-201.
[25]
Chamarthy SP, Pinal R. Plasticizer concentration and the performance of a diffusion-controlled polymeric drug delivery system. Colloids Surf A Physiochem Eng Asp. 2008, 331: 25-30.
[26]
Krishnaiah YS, Satyanaryana S, Prasad YV. Studies of guar gum compression coated 5 amino salicylic acid tablets for colon specific drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1999, 25: 651-657.
[27]
Krishnaiah YS, Satyanaryana S, Prasad YV. A three layer guar gum matrix tablet for oral controlled delivery of highly soluble metoprolol tartarate. Int J Pharm. 2002, 241: 353-366.
[28]
Basit AW. Advances in colonic drug delivery drugs. Drugs. 2005, 65: 1991-2007.
[29]
Sinha VR, Kumaria R. Polysaccharides in colon drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2001, 224: 19-38.
[30]
Friend DR. New oral delivery systems for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Adv Dru Del Rev. 2005, 57: 247-265.
[31]
Bhattacharya S, Bal S, Mukharjee RK, Bhattacharya S. Rheological behaviour of tamarind kernel powder suspension. J Food Eng. 1991, 13: 151-158.
[32]
Malafaya, PB, Silva GA, Reis RL. Natural-origin polymers as carriers and scaffolds for biomolecules and cell delivery in tissue engineering applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007, 59: 207-233.
Khanna M, Nanda RC, Sarin JP. Standardization of Tamarind seed powder for pharmaceutical use. Indian Drugs. 197, 24: 268-269.
[35]
Ray AR, Sumati S. Release behaviour of drugs from tamarind seed Polysaccharide tablets. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. 2002, 5: 12-18.
[36]
Sankracharyan B, Tamarind chemistry, technology and uses: a critical appraisal. J Food Sci Tech. 1998, 35: 193-208.
[37]
Gerard T. Tamarind gum in hand book of water soluble gums and resins, In: Davidson RL, USA: McGraw. Hill Book Cu, 1980, 12: 1-23.
[38]
Kulkarni D, Dwivedi AK, Singh S. Performance evaluation of tamarind seed polyose as a binder in sustained release formulation of low drug loading. Indian J Pharm Sci. 1998, 60: 50-53.
[39]
Babu GV, Gowrishankar V, Murthy KV. Studies on application of tamarind kernel powder as a carrier in the dissolution enhancement of poorly water soluble drug celecoxib. Bull Chem Farm. 2003, 142: 76-82.
[40]
Ridley BL, O’Neill MA, Mohnen D. Pectins: structure, biosynthesis and oligogalacturonide related signalling. Phytochemistry. 2001, 57: 929-967.
[41]
Bhatia MS, Deshmukh R, Choudhari P, et al. Chemical modifications of pectins, characterization and evaluation for drug delivery. Sci Pharm. 2008, 76: 775-784.
[42]
Rubinstein A, Pathak S, Friendman M, et al. In vitro method for drug release analysis for microbiology controlled drug delivery. Proc Int Symp Control Rel Bioact Mater. 1990, 17: 466-467.
[43]
Rubeinstein A, Radai R. Pectin salt as colonic drug delivery systems. Proc Int Symp Control Rel Bioact Mater. 1991, 18: 221-222.
[44]
Liu L, Fishman ML, Kost, J, et al. Pectin-based systems for colon-specific drug delivery via oral route. Biomaterials. 2003, 24, 3333-3343.
[45]
Itoh K, Yahaba M, Takahashi A, et al. In situ gelling xyloglucan/pectin formulations for oral sustained drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2008, 356: 95-101.
Vervoort L, Van den Mooter G, Augustijns P, et al. Inulin hydrogels. I. Dynamic and equilibrium swelling properties. Int J Pharm. 1998, 172: 127-135.
[48]
Akhgari A, Farahmand F, Garekani H, et al. Permeability and swelling studies on free films containing inulin in combination with different polymethacrylates aimed for colonic drug delivery. Eur J Pharm. 2006, 28: 307-314.
[49]
Barday T, Cooper M, Petrosky N. Inulin-a versatile polysaccharide with multiple pharmaceutical and food uses. J Excipients Food Chem. 2010, 1: 24-42.
[50]
Vervoort L, Kinget R. In vitro degradation by colonic bacteria of inulin incorporated in Eudragit films. Int J Pharm. 1996, 129: 185-190.
[51]
Castelli F, Sarpietro MG, Micieli D, et al. Differential scanning colorimetry study on drug release from an inulin-based hydrogel and its interaction with a biomembrane model: pH and loading effect. Eur J Pharm. 2008, 35: 76-85.
[52]
Nerurkar J, Jun HW, Price JC, et al. Controlled-release matrix tablets of ibuprofen using cellulose ethers and carrageenans: effect of formulation factors on dissolution rates. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2005, 61: 56-68.
[53]
Gupta VK, Hariharan M, Wheatley TA, et al. Controlled-release tablets from carrageenans: effect of formulation, storage and dissolution factors. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2001, 51: 241-248.
Pretus HA, Ensley HE, McNamec RB, et al. Physicochemical characterization and preclinical efficacy evaluation of Silulle Scleroglucan. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991, 257: 500-510.
[56]
Farina JI, Sineriz T, Molina OE, et al. Isolation and physicochemical characterization of soluble scleroglucan from sclerotium rolfosil, reological properties, molecular weight and conformational characteristics. Carbohyd Polym. 2001, 44: 41-50.
[57]
Yanaki T, Norisuye T. Triple helix and random coil Sclero-glucan in dilute solution. Polymer J. 1983, 15: 389-396.
[58]
Singh P, Wilser R, Tokuzen R, et al. Scleroglucan an antitumor polysaccharide from sclerotium glucanicum. Carbohyd Res. 1974, 37: 245.
[59]
Brigard G. Sclerglucan, industrial gums. Acedamic press, New York, USA, 1993, 461-472.
[60]
Coviello T, Palleschi A, Grassi M , et al. Scleroglucan: a versatile polysaccharide for modified drug delivery. Molecules. 2005, 10: 6-33.
[61]
Regan OM, Martini I, Crescenzi F, et al. Molecular mechanism and genetics of hyaluronan biosynthesis. Int J Bio Macmol. 1994, 16: 283-286.
[62]
Fraser JR, Brown TJ, Laurent TC. Catabolism of hyaluro-nan. In, Lauret TC, editor. The chemistry, biology, and medicinal applications of hylauronan and its derivatives. Miami FL, Portland Press, 1998, 85-92.
[63]
Rudzki Z, LeDuy L, Jyothy S. Changes in CD44 Expression during carcinogensis of the mouse colon. Exp Mol Pat. 1997, 64: 114-125.
[64]
Jain A, Gupta Y, Jain SK. Perspectives of biodegradable natural polysaccharides for site -specific drug delivery to the colon. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2007, 10: 86-126.
[65]
Wastenson A. Properties of fractional chondroitin sulphate from ox nasal septa. Biochem J. 1971, 122: 477-785.
[66]
Rubinstein A, Nakar D, Sintov A. Chondroitin sulphate, potential prodrug for colon specific drug delivery purposes. Int J Pharm. 1992b, 9: 276-278.
[67]
Sintov A, Di-Capua N, Rubinstein A. Crosslinked chondroitin sulphate, characterization for drug delivery purposes. Biomaterials. 1995, 16: 473-478.
[68]
Giarasis I, Harney LM, McNeil B. Gellan gum. Cri Rev Biotechnol. 2000, 20: 177-211.
[69]
Kubo N, Miyazaki S, Attwood D. Oral sustained delivery of paracetamol form in situ gelling gellan and sodium alginate formulation. Int J Pharm. 2003, 258: 56-64.
[70]
Coviello T, Matricard P, Marianecei C, et al. Polysaccharide hydrogels for modified release formulations. J Control Release. 2007, 119: 5-24.
[71]
Calfors J, Edsman K, Petersson R, et al. Rheological evaluation of Gelrite®in situ gels for ophthalmic use. Eur J Pharm Sci. 1998, 6: 113-119.
[72]
Pans F, Morin, Momsan P. Microbiological polysaccharides with actual potential industrial applications. Biotechnol Adv. 1986, 4: 221-259.
[73]
Chivers GR, Mooris VJ. Coacervation of gelatine-gellan gum matrix and their use in microencapsulation. Carbohydra Polym. 1987, 7: 111-120.
[74]
Agnihotri SA, Aminabhavi TM. Development of novel interpenetrating network gellan gum -poly(vinylalcohol) hydrogel microspheres for constant release of carvedilos. Drug Delv Ind Pharm. 2005, 31: 491-503.
[75]
Shimizu J, Wada M, Takita T. Curdlan and gellan gum bacterial gel-forming polysaccharides, exhibit different effects on lipid metabolism, cacal fermentation and fecal bile acid excretion in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 1999, 45: 251-262.
[76]
Tetsuguchi M, Nomura S, Katayama M, et al. Effects of curdlan and gellan gum on the surface structure of intestinal mucosa in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 1997, 43: 515-527.
2011, Vol. 6 
